Posterm pregnancy

Czech version

Authors: A. Měchurová
Authors‘ workplace: Ústav pro péči o matku a dítě, Praha, ředitel doc. MUDr. J. Feyereisl, CSc.
Published in: Ceska Gynekol 2016; 81(2): 98-103

Overview

This review presents the up-to-date information from published resources on the issue of Posterm pregnancy (Medline, Cochrane Database, ACOG, RCOG, SOGC) and complements the presented guidelines. The most of resources are using the term “postterm pregnancy” for pregnancy reaching or exceeding 42+0 weeks and days of gestation, while late pregnancy is defined as a period in between 41+0 and 41+6.

The exact determination of gestational age is necessary for exact diagnosis and appropriate management of late and postterm pregnancy, because these pregnancies have increased risk of perinatal morbidity and mortality.

Design:
Review.

Keywords:
late pregnancy, postterm pregnancy, labour induction, perinatal complications, ultrasound dating, BMI

Sources

1. A clinical trial of induction of labor versus expectant management in postterm pregnancy. The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Network of Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1994, 170, p. 716–723.

2. Alexander, JM., McIntire, DD., Leveno, KJ. Forty weeks and beyond: pregnancy outcomes by week of gestation. Obstet Gynecol, 2000, 96, p. 291–294.

3. Alfirevic, Z., Walkinshaw, SA. A randomised controlledtrial of simple compared with complex antenatal fetal monitoring after 42 weeks of gestation. Br J Obstet Gynaecol, 1995, 102, p. 638–643.

4. Balchin, I., Whittaker, JC., Lamont, RF., Steer, PJ. Maternal and fetal characteristics associated with meconiumstained amniotic fluid. Obstet Gynecol 2011, 117, p. 828–835.

5. Barrett, JM., Salyer, SL., Boehm, FH. The nonstress test: an evaluation of 1,000 patients. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1981, 141, p. 153–157.

6. Bennett, KA., Crane, JM., O‘Shea, P., et al. First trimester ultrasound screening is effective in reducing postterm labor induction rates: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2004, 190, p. 1077–1081.

7. Boehm, FH., Salyer, S., Shah, DM., Vaughn, WK. Improved outcome of twice weekly nonstress testing. Obstet Gynecol, 1986, 67, p. 566–568.

8. Bochner, CJ., Medearis, AL., Davis, J., et al. Antepartum predictors of fetal distress in postterm pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1987, 157, p. 353–358.

9. Boulvain, M., Stan, CM., Irion, O. Membrane sweeping for induction of labour. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2005, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD000451. DOI: 10.1002/ 14651858. CD000451.pub 2. (Meta Analysis)

10. Campbell, MK., Ostbye, T., Irgens, LM. Post-term birth: risk factors and outcomes in a 10-year cohort of Norwegian births. Obstet Gynecol, 1997, 89, p. 543–548.

11. Caughey, AB., Nicholson, JM., Washington, AE. First- vs second-trimester ultrasound: the effect on pregnancy dating and perinatal outcomes. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2008, 198, p. 703.e1–703.e5; discussion 703.e5–703.e6.

12. Caughey, AB., Musci, TJ. Complications of term pregnancies beyond 37 weeks of gestation. Obstet Gynecol, 2004, 103, p. 57–62.

13. Clausson, B., Cnattingius, S., Axelsson, O. Outcomes of post-term births: the role of fetal growth restriction and malformations. Obstet Gynecol, 1999, 94, p. 758–762.

14. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 6: CD004945. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004945.pub3.

15. Creinin, MD., Keverline, S., Meyn, LA. How regular is regular? An analysis of menstrual cycle regularity. Contraception, 2004, 70, p. 289–292.

16. Delaney, M., Roggensack, A., et al. Guidelines for the Management of Pregnancy at 41+0 to 42+0 Weeks, SOCG, J Obstet Gynaecol Can, 2008, 30(9), p. 800–810.

17. Divon, MY., Ferber, A., Nisell, H., Westgren, M. Male tender predisposes to prolongation of pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2002, 187, p. 1081–1083.

18. Eden, RD., Seifert, LS., Winegar, A., Spellacy, WN. Perinatal characteristics of uncomplicated postdate pregnancies. Obstet Gynecol, 1987, 69, p. 296–299.

19. Gabbe, SG., Ettinger, BB., Freeman, RK., Martin, CB. Umbilical cord compression associated with amniotomy:laboratory observations. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1976, 126, p. 353–355.

20. Gardosi, J., Vanner, T., Francis, A. Gestational age and induction of labour for prolonged pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol, 1997, 104, p. 792–797.

21. Gardosi, J. Dating of pregnancy: time to forget the last menstrual period. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 1997, 9, p. 367–368.

22. Gülmezoglu, AM., Crowther, CA., Middleton, P., Heatley, E. Induction of labour for improving birth outcomes for women at or beyond term. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2012, Issue 6. Art. No.: CD004945. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004945.pub3. (Meta-analysis)

23. Hannah, ME., Hannah, WJ., Hellmann, J., et al. Induction of labor as compared with serial antenatal monitoring in post-term pregnancy. A randomized controlled trial. The Canadian Multicenter Post-term Pregnancy Trial Group [published erratum appears in N Engl J Med 1992, 327, p. 368]. N Engl J Med, 1992, 326, p. 1587–1592.

24. Heimstad, R., Skogvoll, E., Mattsson, LA., et al. Induction of labor or serial antenatal fetal monitoring in postterm pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynec, 2007, 109, p. 609–617.

25. Kistka, ZA., Palomar, L., Boslaugh, SE., et al. Risk for postterm delivery after previous postterm delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2007, 196, p. 241.e1–6.

26. Lalor, JG., Fawole, B., Alfirevic, Z., Devane, D. Biophysical profile for fetal assessment in high risk pregnancies. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2008, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD000038. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000038. pub2. (Meta-analysis)

27. Laursen, M., Bille, C., Olesen, AW., et al. Genetic influence on prolonged gestation: a population-based Danish twin study. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2004, 190, p. 489–494.

28. Management of late-term and postterm pregnancies, ACOG 2014. Obstet Gynec, Practice Bulletin, 2014, 124, 2, Part 1, p. 390–396.

29. Manning, FA., Harman, CR., Morrison, I., et al. Fetal assessment based on fetal biophysical profile scoring. IV. An analysis of perinatal morbidity and mortality. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1990, 162, p. 703–709.

30. Mannino, F. Neonatal complications of postterm gestation. J Reprod Med, 1988, 33, p. 271–276.

31. Martin, JA., Hamilton, BE., Osterman, MJ., et al. Births: final data for 2012. Natl Vital Stat Rep, 2013, 62(9), p. 1–27.

32. McLean, FH., Boyd, ME., Usher, RH., Kramer, MS. Postterm infants: too big or too small? Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1991, 164, p. 619–624.

33. Miyazaki, FS., Taylor, NA. Saline amnioinfusion for reliéf of variable or prolonged decelerations. A preliminary report. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1983, 146, p. 670–678.

34. Mogren, I., Stenlund, H., Hogberg, U. Recurrence of prolonged pregnancy. Int J Epidemiol, 1999, 28, p. 253–257.

35. Morris, JM., Thompson, K., Smithey, J., et al. The usefulness of ultrasound assessment of amniotic fluid in predicting adverse outcome in prolonged pregnancy: a prospective blinded observational study. BJOG, 2003, 110, p. 989–994.

36. Munster, K., Schmidt, L., Helm, P. Length and variation in the menstrual cycle – a cross-sectional study from a Danish county. Br J Obstet Gynaecol, 1992, 99, p. 422–429.

37. Nabhan, AF., Abdelmoula, YA. Amniotic fluid index versus single deepest vertical pocket as a screening test for preventing adverse pregnancy outcome. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2008, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD006593. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006593.pub2. (Meta-analysis)

38. Nguyen, TH., Larsen, T., Engholm, G., Moller, H. Evaluation of ultrasound-estimated date of delivery in 17,450 spontaneous singleton births: do we need to modify Naegele‘s rule? Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 1999, 14, p. 23–28.

39. Phelan, JP., Platt, LD., Yeh, SY., et al. The role of ultrasound assessment of amniotic fluid volume in the management of the postdate pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1985, 151, p. 304–308.

40. Prevention of early-onset group B streptococcal disease in newborns. Committee Opinion No. 485. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Obstet Gynecol, 2011, 117, p. 1019–1027.

41. Rand, L., Robinson, JN., Economy, KE., Norwitz, ER. Post-term induction of labor revisited. Obstet Gynecol, 2000, 96, p. 779–783.

42. Reddy, UM., Abuhamad, AZ., Levine, D., Saade, GR. Fetal imaging: executive summary of a Joint Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, American College of Radiology, Society for Pediatric Radiology, and Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound Fetal Paging Workshop. Obstet Gynecol, 2014, 123, p. 1070–1082.

43. Rutherford, SE., Phelan, JP., Smith, CV., Jacobs, N. The fourquadrant assessment of amniotic fluid volume: an adjunct to antepartum fetal heart rate testing. Obstet Gynecol, 1987, 70, p. 353–356.

44. Savitz, DA., Terry, JW. Jr., Dole, N., et al. Comparison of pregnancy dating by last menstrual period, ultrasound scanning, and thein combination. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2002, 187, p. 1660–1666.

45. Shime, J., Librach, CL., Gare, DJ., Cook, CJ. The influence of prolonged pregnancy on infant development at one and two years of age: a prospective controlled study. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1986, 154, p. 341–345.

46. Spong, CY. Defining “term” pregnancy: recommendations from the Defining “Term” Pregnancy Workgroup. JAMA, 2013, 309, p. 2445–2446.

47. Stotland, NE., Washington, AE., Caughey, AB. Prepregnancy body mass index and the length of gestation at term. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2007, 197, p. 378.e1–378.e5.

48. Tunon, K., Eik-Nes, SH., Grottum, P. Fetal outcome in pregnancies defined as post-term according to the last menstrual period estimate, but not according to the ultrasound estimate. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 1999, 14, p. 12–16.

49. Vorherr, H. Placental insufficiency in relation to postterm pregnancy and fetal postmaturity. Evaluation of fetoplacental function, management of the postterm gravida. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1975, 123, p. 67–103.

50. Whitworth, M., Bricker, L., Neilson, JP., Dowswell, T. Ultrasound for fetal assessment in early pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2010, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD007058. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007058. pub2. (Meta-analysis)

Labels

Paediatric gynaecology Gynaecology and obstetrics Reproduction medicine

Czech Hospital in Uganda and quality of obstetric care

Induction of labor

Current status and recommendations for intrapartum monitoring of fetal heart rate

Delivery of macrosomic fetus

Assisted vaginal delivery

Use of methotrexate in the ectopic pregnancy and pregnancy of unknown location

Diagnosis of tuberous sclerosis complex focusing on prenatal period

Article was published in

Czech Gynaecology

2016 Issue 2