Prevalence of anal human papillomavirus infection among women and its relation to cervical HPV infection

Czech version

Authors: B. Sehnal ¹; D. Driák ¹ ; H. Neumannová ¹; M. Dvorská ¹; D. Kolařík ²; E. Menzlová ¹; M. Halaška ¹; J. Sláma ³
Authors‘ workplace: Gynekologicko-porodnická klinika, Nemocnice Na Bulovce a 1. lékařské fakulty Univerzity Karlovy, Praha, přednosta prof. MUDr. M. Halaška, DrSc. ¹; 1. LF UK, Praha, děkan prof. MUDr. T. Zima, DrSc. ²; Onkogynekologické centrum, Gynekologicko-porodnická klinika Všeobecné fakultní nemocnice a 1. lékařské fakulty Univerzity Karlovy, Praha, přednosta prof. MUDr. A. Martan, DrSc. ³
Published in: Ceska Gynekol 2012; 77(3): 210-214

Overview

Objective:
To summarize current knowledge of prevalence, duration and clearance of anal HPV infection among women and its relation to cervical HPV infection.

Design:
Review article.

Setting:
Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Hospital Na Bulovce and 1^st Medical School of Charles University, Prague; Institute for the Care of Mother and Child, Prague; Gynecologic Oncology Center, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, General Faculty Hospital and 1^st Medical School of Charles University, Prague.

Results:
The infection of human papillomavirus (HPV) is strongly associated with the development of anal cancer. Anal HPV infection is common and most anal HPV infections are transient. Women with cervical HPV infection, cervical dysplasia and cervical cancer are at the increased risk. Concurrent anal and cervical HPV infection is most prevalent among the youngest women. By contrast, the prevalence of anal infection alone remains relatively steady in all age groups. Compared with cervical infections, the overall distribution of HPV genotypes in the anus are more heterogeneous and include a greater proportion of nononcogenic types. A high degree of genotype-specific concordance is observed among concurrent anal and cervical infections, indicating a common source of infection. Tobacco smoking delays clearance of anal HPV.

Conclusion:
The high degree of genotype-specific concordance suggests that the cervix may be primary source and may serve as reservoir of HPV infection, too. Any type of sexual contact may be a route of transmission, history of anal intercourse is not a condition. The women with HPV related disease of low genital tract form high-risk group for acquisition of anal HPV infection and development of anal carcinoma.

Key words:
human papillomavirus, anal HPV infection, cervical HPV infection, anal cancer.

Sources

1. American Cancer Society. Cancer facts and figures. Atlanta: American Cancer Society; 2008.

2. Bosch, FX., Lorincz, A., MuĖoz, N., et al. The causal relation between human papillomavirus and cervical cancer. J Clin Pathol, 2002, 55, p. 244–265.

3. Brewster, DH., Bhatti, LA. Increasing incidence of squamous cell carcinoma of the anus in Scotland, 1975–2002. Br J Cancer, 2006, 95, p. 87–90.

4. Daling, JR., Madeleine, MM., Johnson, LG., et al. Human papillomavirus, smoking, and sexual practices in the etiology of anal cancer. Cancer, 2004, 101, 2, p. 270–280.

5. Daling, JR., Sherman, KJ., Hislop, TG., et al. Cigarette smoking and the risk of anogenital cancer. Am J Epidemiol, 1992, 135, p. 180–189.

6. De Vuyst, H., Clifford, GM., Nascimento, MC., et al. Prevalence and type distribution of human papillomavirus in carcinoma and intraepithelial neoplasia of the vulva, vagina and anus: a meta-analysis. Int J Cancer, 2009, 124, 7, p. 1626–1636.

7. Edgren, G., Sparen, P. Risk of anogenital cancer after diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: a prospective population-based study. Lancet Oncol, 2007, 8, p. 311–316.

8. Fait, T. Otázky kolem vakcinace proti lidským papilomavirům. Medical Tribune, 2008, 4, s. A15.

9. Freitag, P. Papillomavirové infekce v gynekologii. Praha: Triton, 1998, s. 88.

10. Frisch, M., Fenger, C., van den Brule, AJ., et al. Variants of squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal and perianal skin and their relation to human papillomaviruses. Cancer Res., 1999, 59, 3, p. 753–757.

11. Frisch, M., Glimelius, B., van den Brule, AJ., et al. Sexually transmitted infection as a cause of anal cancer. N Engl J Med, 1997, 337, p. 1350–1358.

12. Frisch, M., Fenger, C., van den Brule, AJ., et al. Variants of squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal and perianal skin and their relation to human papillomaviruses. Cancer Res, 1999, 59, p. 753–757.

13. Goodman, MT., Shvetsov, YB., McDuffie, K., et al. Prevalence, acquisition, and clearance of cervical human papillomavirus infection among women with normal cytology: Hawaii HPV cohort study. Cancer Res, 2008, 68, 21, p. 8813–8824.

14. Goodman, MT., Shvetsov, YB., McDuffie, K., et al. Acquisition of anal human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in women: the Hawaii HPV Cohort study. J Infect Dis, 2008, 197, 7, p. 957–966.

15. Goodman, MT., Shvetsov, YB., McDuffie, K., et al. Sequential acquisition of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection of the anus and cervix: the Hawaii HPV Cohort Study. J Infect Dis, 2010, 201, 9, p. 1331–1339.

16. Hamšíková, E., Tachezy, R. Infekce HPV – epidemiologické a klinické souvislosti. Farmakoterapie review, 2007, s. 4–6.

17. Hernandez, BY., McDuffie, K., Zhu, X., et al. Anal human papillomavirus infection in women and its relationship with cervical infection. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 2005, 14, p. 2550–2556.

18. Holly, EA., Ralston, ML., Darragh, TM., et al. Prevalence and risk factors for anal squamous intraepithelial lesions in women. J Natl Cancer Inst, 2001, 93, p .843–849.

19. Chiao, EY., Krown, SE., Stier, EA., Schrag, D. A population-based analysis of temporal trends in the incidence of squamous anal canal cancer in relation to the HIV epidemic. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 2005, 40, p. 451–455.

20. Chin-Hong, PV., Vittinghoff, E., Cranston, RD., et al. Age-specific prevalence of anal human papillomavirus infection in HIV-negative sexually active men who have sex with men: the EXPLORE study. J Infect Dis, 2004, 190, 12, p. 2070–2076.

21. Koshiol, JE., Schroeder, JC., Jamieson, DJ., et al. Time to clearance of human papillomavirus infection by type and human immunodeficiency virus serostatus. Int J Cancer, 2006, 119, p. 1623–1629.

22. Mandelblatt, JS., Fahs, M., Garibaldi, K. Association between HIV infection and cervical neoplasia: implications for clinical care of women at risk for both conditions. AIDS, 1992, 6, p. 73–78.

23. Molano, M., Van den Brule, A., Plummer, M., et al. Determinants of clearance of human papillomavirus infections in Colombian women with normal cytology: a population-based, 5-year follow-up study. Am J Epidemiol, 2003, 158, p. 486–494.

24. Moscicki, AB., Durako, SJ., Houser, J., et al. Human papillomavirus infection and abnormal cytology of the anus in HIV-infected and uninfected adolescents. AIDS, 2003, 17, p. 311–320.

25. Moscicki, AB., Hills, NK., Shiboski, S., et al. Risk factors for abnormal anal cytology in young heterosexual women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 1999, 8, p. 173–178.

26. Ogunbiyi, OA., Scholefield, JH., Robertson, G., et al. Anal human papillomavirus infection and squamous neoplasia in patients with invasive vulvar cancer. Obstet Gynecol, 1994, 83, 2, p. 212–216.

27. Palefsky, JM., Holly, EA., Ralston, ML., et al. Prevalence and risk factors for anal human papillomavirus infection in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive and high-risk HIV-negative women. J Infect Dis, 2001, 183, p. 383–391.

28. Palefsky, JM. Human papillomavirus infection and anogenital neoplasia in human immunodeficiency virus-positive men and women. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr, 1998, 23, p. 15–20.

29. Parka, IU., Ogilvie Jr., JW., Andersonc, KE., et al. Anal human papillomavirus infection and abnormal anal cytology in women with genital neoplasia. Gynecol Oncol, 2009, 114, p. 399–403.

30. Parkin, DM., Bray, F. The burden of HPV-related cancers. Vaccine, 2006, 24, Suppl 3, p. 11–25.

31. Piketty C, Darragh TM, Da, CM., et al. High prevalence of anal human papillomavirus infection and anal cancer precursors among HIV-infected persons in the absence of anal intercourse. Ann Intern Med, 2003, 138, p. 453–459.

32. Shvetsov, YB., Hernandez, BY., McDuffie, K., et al. Duration and clearance of anal human papillomavirus (HPV) infection among women: the Hawaii HPV cohort study. Clin Infect Dis, 2009, 48, 5, p. 536–546.

33. Scholefield, JH., Sonnex, C., Talbot, IC., et al. Anal and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: possible parallel. Lancet, 1989, 2, p. 765–769.

34. Scholefield, JH., Hickson, WG., Smith, JH., et al. Anal intraepithelial neoplasia: part of a multifocal disease proces. Lancet, 1992, 340, p. 1271–1273.

35. Tjalma, W. Human papillomavirus type distribution in cervical neoplasia: result from two parallel epidemiological studies in women with high-grade intraepithelial cervical neoplasia and invasive cervical cancer in Europe. IPV 2010, Montreal, Canada, 2010 July 3–8, Poster 766.

36. Trottier, H., Franco, EL. The epidemiology of genital human papillomavirus infection. Vaccine, 2006, 24, Suppl. 1, p. 1–15.

37. Williams, AB., Darragh, TM., Vranizan, K., et al. Anal and cervical human papillomavirus infection and risk of anal and cervical epithelial abnormalities in human immunodeficiency virus-infected women. Obstet Gynecol, 1994, 83, p. 205–211.

38. Winer, RL., Lee, SK., Hughes, JP., et al. Genital human papillomavirus infection: incidence and risk factors in a cohort of female university students. Am J Epidemiol., 2003, 157, p. 218–226.

39. www.svod.cz

40. Zaki, SR., Judd, R., Coffield, LM. Human papillomavirus infection and anal carcinoma: retrospective analysis by in situ hybridization and the polymerase chain reaction. Am J Path, 1992, 140, 6, p. 1345–1355.